{"id":814743,"date":"2022-11-20T11:00:22","date_gmt":"2022-11-20T11:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.questionpro.com\/blog\/test-du-chi-carre\/"},"modified":"2023-09-13T11:44:44","modified_gmt":"2023-09-13T11:44:44","slug":"test-du-chi-carre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/qa-release.questionpro.com\/blog\/fr\/test-du-chi-carre\/","title":{"rendered":"Test du khi-deux : Qu&rsquo;est-ce que c&rsquo;est et comment le calculer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le test du chi-carr\u00e9 est souvent appel\u00e9 test exact de Fisher. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un test statistique utilis\u00e9 pour examiner des donn\u00e9es cat\u00e9gorielles. Cet article<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  explique le test du chi-carr\u00e9 et la mani\u00e8re de le calculer.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Qu&rsquo;est-ce que le test du chi-carr\u00e9 ?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le test du chi-carr\u00e9 est un moyen statistique de d\u00e9terminer les diff\u00e9rences entre ce qui \u00e9tait attendu et ce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 dans une ou plusieurs cat\u00e9gories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les chercheurs utilisent ce test non param\u00e9trique pour comparer des variables cat\u00e9gorielles au sein d&rsquo;un m\u00eame \u00e9chantillon de population. Il permet \u00e9galement de v\u00e9rifier ou d&rsquo;\u00e9tayer les comptages de fr\u00e9quence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;id\u00e9e de base du test est d&rsquo;examiner les valeurs r\u00e9elles des donn\u00e9es afin de d\u00e9terminer ce qui serait attendu si l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se nulle \u00e9tait correcte.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Types de tests chi-carr\u00e9<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il existe diff\u00e9rents types de tests du chi-carr\u00e9 qui sont fr\u00e9quemment utilis\u00e9s :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Test d&rsquo;ad\u00e9quation :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un test statistique permettant de d\u00e9tecter si une variable provient d&rsquo;une distribution particuli\u00e8re.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Test d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un test <a href=\"https:\/\/usqa.questionpro.com\/blog\/inferential-statistics\/\">statistique d\u00e9ductif<\/a> qui permet de tirer des conclusions sur une population \u00e0 partir d&rsquo;un \u00e9chantillon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Test d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 : <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il est structur\u00e9 et fonctionne comme le test d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le test d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance recherche un lien entre deux variables cat\u00e9gorielles au sein d&rsquo;une m\u00eame population, tandis que le test d&rsquo;homog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 v\u00e9rifie si la distribution d&rsquo;une variable est la m\u00eame dans toutes les populations.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le test du chi carr\u00e9 dans la recherche<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le test du Khi-deux permet de comprendre et d&rsquo;analyser facilement la relation entre deux variables cat\u00e9gorielles. Examinons l&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 de ce test pour la recherche.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le chercheur peut d\u00e9terminer si les nombres de cellules observ\u00e9s sont significativement diff\u00e9rents des nombres de cellules attendus en calculant statistiquement le chi-carr\u00e9 et en le comparant \u00e0 une valeur critique de la distribution du chi-carr\u00e9.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Il est sensible \u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont les cellules sont r\u00e9parties. Ce probl\u00e8me peut \u00eatre r\u00e9solu en utilisant syst\u00e9matiquement des variables cat\u00e9gorielles comportant un petit nombre de cat\u00e9gories.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Test du chi carr\u00e9 Ex\u00e9cuter les lignes directrices<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maintenant que vous connaissez mieux le test du Khi-deux, nous allons vous montrer comment l&rsquo;effectuer :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Avant de commencer le processus de collecte des donn\u00e9es, sp\u00e9cifiez vos hypoth\u00e8ses nulles et alternatives.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u00e9finir l&rsquo;alpha. Il s&rsquo;agit notamment d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer le risque d&rsquo;une conclusion erron\u00e9e. Supposons que l&rsquo;alpha = 0,05 pour les tests d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance. Dans ce sc\u00e9nario, vous avez choisi un risque de 5% en supposant que deux variables sont ind\u00e9pendantes alors qu&rsquo;elles ne le sont pas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00e9rifier que les donn\u00e9es ne comportent pas d&rsquo;erreurs.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">V\u00e9rifier les hypoth\u00e8ses sous-jacentes du test.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obtenez les r\u00e9sultats de vos tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Comment calculer le chi-carr\u00e9 : La formule<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le test du chi carr\u00e9 est utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9terminer si la valeur observ\u00e9e et la valeur attendue diff\u00e8rent d&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re ou d&rsquo;une autre. La formule du chi-carr\u00e9 est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par la formule suivante ;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>X<\/b><b>2<\/b><b> = \u2211<\/b><b>(O &#8211; E)<\/b><b>2<\/b><b>\/E<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ici,<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O est la valeur observ\u00e9e<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E est la valeur attendue<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exemple de test du chi carr\u00e9 pour les donn\u00e9es cat\u00e9gorielles<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prenons l&rsquo;exemple d&rsquo;une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de 2 000 habitants r\u00e9partis dans les quatre quartiers A, B, C et D comme exemple de donn\u00e9es cat\u00e9gorielles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1300 membres travaillant dans le secteur public, le secteur priv\u00e9 et les m\u00e9decins sont choisis au hasard. Selon l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se nulle, la division professionnelle d&rsquo;une personne n&rsquo;est pas li\u00e9e au quartier dans lequel elle r\u00e9side. Les informations sont divis\u00e9es en<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cat\u00e9gories<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">B<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Service public<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">180<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">120<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">208<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">190<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">698<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Service priv\u00e9<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">100<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">102<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">302<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M\u00e9decin<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">90<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">300<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">300<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">300<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">300<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1300<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pour d\u00e9terminer le pourcentage des 2 000 personnes r\u00e9sidant dans le quartier A, supposons que la population de l&rsquo;\u00e9chantillon, soit 300 personnes, se trouve dans la zone A.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">De m\u00eame, nous prenons 698\/1300 pour d\u00e9terminer la proportion de fonctionnaires parmi les 2 000. Selon la pr\u00e9somption d&rsquo;ind\u00e9pendance de l&rsquo;hypoth\u00e8se, nous devrions \u00ab\u00a0nous attendre\u00a0\u00bb au nombre suivant de fonctionnaires dans le quartier A : 300 x (698 \/ 1300) = 161.08<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Par cons\u00e9quent, en utilisant la formule du test du chi-deux pour cette cellule A du tableau, nous obtenons ;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(Valeur observ\u00e9e &#8211; Valeur attendue)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \/ Valeur attendue = (180 &#8211; 161,08)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/ 161.08 = 2.22<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dans cette section, nous avons examin\u00e9 le test du chi-carr\u00e9 et la mani\u00e8re de l&rsquo;effectuer et de le calculer. Parce qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;applique \u00e0 des variables cat\u00e9gorielles, le test du chi-carr\u00e9 est le plus souvent utilis\u00e9 par les chercheurs qui \u00e9tudient les donn\u00e9es de r\u00e9ponse d&rsquo;une enqu\u00eate. Ces recherches portent notamment sur la d\u00e9mographie, la consommation et le marketing, les sciences politiques et l&rsquo;\u00e9conomie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La suite de recherche QuestionPro est un ensemble d&rsquo;outils qui peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour tirer le meilleur parti des exp\u00e9riences de recherche et de changement. Chez QuestionPro, nous fournissons \u00e0 tous les types de chercheurs des outils de collecte de donn\u00e9es, comme notre logiciel d&rsquo;enqu\u00eate et nos r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels d&rsquo;informations pour toutes sortes de recherches \u00e0 long terme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contactez l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe d&rsquo;experts de QuestionPro si vous avez besoin d&rsquo;aide pour savoir comment prendre des d\u00e9cisions bas\u00e9es sur des donn\u00e9es. QuestionPro peut vous aider \u00e0 tirer le meilleur parti de vos donn\u00e9es et vous guider tout au long du processus. Cr\u00e9ez un compte gratuit ou faites-nous part de vos besoins !<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.questionpro.com\/research-edition-survey-software\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><button>APPRENDRE ENCORE PLUS<\/button><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.questionpro.com\/a\/showEntry.do?classID=1053&amp;sourceRef=blog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><button>TRIAL GRATUIT<\/button><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le test du chi-carr\u00e9 est souvent appel\u00e9 test exact de Fisher. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un test statistique utilis\u00e9 pour examiner des [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":51,"featured_media":724950,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1079],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-814743","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-outils-et-applications-de-recherche","8":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Test du khi-deux : Qu&#039;est-ce que c&#039;est et comment le calculer | QuestionPro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le test du chi 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